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Sago-palm,
Cycas revoluta
Petiole subtetragonal in cross section, 10-20cm, 6-18 spines along each side, per Flora of China.
Rice Cutgrass,
Leersia oryzoides
Leaf margins & sheaths armed with minute spines which can scratch severely, per How to Know the Grasses: Pictured Key Nature Series (Pohl, 1954).
Dune Sandbur,
Cenchrus tribuloides
Involucre of spines fused into a bur; spines 4-8mm long, spikelets concealed, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
Dune Sandbur,
Cenchrus tribuloides
Spines can puncture exposed skin, backward-pointing barbs painful to remove, per Guide to the Wildflowers of SC, 1st ed. (Porcher & Rayner, 2001).
Coastal Sandspur,
Cenchrus spinifex
Involucre of spines fused into a bur; spines stout, 2-5mm long, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
Northern Sandspur,
Cenchrus longispinus
Involucre of spines fused into a bur; spines slender, 3.5-7mm long, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
Saw Palmetto,
Serenoa repens
The petiole is armed with stiff spines, per Trees of the Southeastern United States (Duncan & Duncan, 1988).
Needle Palm,
Rhapidophyllum hystrix
Sharp spines project from petiole base, from stolons, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
Pindo Palm,
Butia odorata
The petioles are armed with curved spines (vs. those of Cocos unarmed), per Weakley's Flora (2015).
Coconut Palm,
Cocos nucifera
Petiole unarmed (vs. that of Butia and Phoenix with petiolar spines), per Weakley's Flora (2015).
Common Chinquapin,
Castanea pumila
Fruit husk spines and leaf petioles are usually less than 1cm long, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
Osage-orange,
Maclura pomifera
Leaf scars alternate; terminal bud lacking; spines or spur shoots present.
Spiny Amaranth,
Amaranthus spinosus
Stems with paired nodal spines, per Weakley's Flora (2012).
American Barberry,
Berberis canadensis
Spines mostly trifurcate, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
Japanese Barberry,
Berberis thunbergii
Single spines emerge from the point where leaf and branch join, per Invasive Plants, Guide to Identification, Impacts and Control (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2007).
Japanese Barberry,
Berberis thunbergii
Spines mostly unbranched, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
Evergreen Barberry,
Berberis julianae
Spines 3-fid, per Flora of China.
European Barberry,
Berberis vulgaris
Leaf margins finely serrate, each w (8)16-30 teeth tipped w spines or bristles, per Flora of North America.
European Barberry,
Berberis vulgaris
Spines present, simple or 3-fid, per Flora of North America.
European Barberry,
Berberis vulgaris
Inner bark is yellow; spines mostly branched, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
Cleome,
Tarenaya species 1
Leaves: stipular spines 1-3mm; petiole 2.5-7.5cm, glandular-pubescent, with scattered spines 1-3mm, per Flora of North America.
Roundleaf Gooseberry,
Ribes rotundifolium
Internodes usually glabrous, nodal spines 3-8mm or absent. Petioles puberulent, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
Miccosukee Gooseberry,
Ribes echinellum
Nodal spines 0.5-1.5cm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
Prickly Gooseberry,
Ribes cynosbati
Glandular hairs on ovary become stiff spines on mature fruit; stamens 1-2mm, per Weakley's Flora (2012).
Northern Witch-hazel,
Hamamelis virginiana var. virginiana
Often mistaken for fruit capsules are these aphid galls with long spines, per Field Biology in Southeastern Ohio blog spot.
Oneflower Hawthorn,
Crataegus uniflora
Its needlelike spines are more apt to be felt than seen, per Haws: A Guide to Hawthorns of the Southeastern US (Lance, 2014).
Spotted Medick,
Medicago arabica
Legume spirally coiled with a double row of curved spines 2-3mm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
Spotted Medick,
Medicago arabica
Seed pods spirally twisted and covered with spines, per Weeds of Southern Turfgrasses (Murphy et al., 1992).
Black Locust,
Robinia pseudoacacia
Spines often present, per Woody Plants of the Blue Ridge (Lance).
Boynton's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. rosea
Stipular spines short or lacking, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
Kelsey's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. kelseyi
Stipular spines slender and weak, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
Kelsey's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. kelseyi
Extrafloral nectaries can be found near Robinia's stipular spines, per Many Plants Have Extrafloral Nectaries Helpful to Beneficials (Mizell, 2001).
Kelsey's Locust,
Robinia hispida var. kelseyi
Stipular spines slender, usually present (vs. short or lacking in var. rosea), per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
Jamaica Feverplant,
Tribulus cistoides
Flowers about 1" wide. Fruit 5/8" wide, hard and armed with 4 stout spines, per Everglades Wildflowers (Hammer, 2002, 2015).
Southern Toothache Tree,
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
On larger branches and trunks, the spines become elevated on corky bases, per Weakley's Flora (2012).
Trifoliate Orange,
Citrus trifoliata
Seems to be made up almost entirely of "thorns" (actually, stipular spines), per Weakley's Flora.
Chinese Holly,
Ilex cornuta
Leaves with 3 strong spines at apex, up to 9 overall, lethal to work around, per Manual of Woody Landscape Plants (Dirr, 1975+).
Eastern Prickly-pear,
Opuntia mesacantha ssp. mesacantha
Fruit a shiny reddish-brown berry, edible after tiny spines are removed, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).
Eastern Prickly-pear,
Opuntia mesacantha ssp. mesacantha
The tiny leaves below the clumps of hairlike spines (glochids) fall early, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).
Eastern Prickly-pear,
Opuntia mesacantha ssp. mesacantha
Spines 2-3" long may or may not be present among the smaller hairy barbs, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).
Dune Prickly-pear,
Opuntia drummondii
Clusters of hairlike spines are scattered with or without sharp 2-4" spines, per Guide to the Wildflowers of SC, 1st ed. (Porcher & Rayner, 2001).
Coastal Prickly-pear,
Opuntia stricta var. dillenii
Spines 0-11 per areole, generally curved and spreading from the areole margins, per Weakley's Flora.
Coastal Prickly-pear,
Opuntia stricta var. stricta
Spines mostly 0-3 per areole & straight [vs. var. dillenii 0-11 & curved], per Weakley's Flora (2015).
Sea Holly,
Eryngium maritimum
Leaves thickly coriaceous, palmately lobed and tipped with stout spines, per Weakley's Flora.
Buckthorn Bumelia,
Sideroxylon lycioides
May be armed with spines at the nodes, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
Carolina Spinypod,
Matelea carolinensis
The surface of the follicle is roughened by pointed spines, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
Waterpod,
Hydrolea quadrivalvis
Flowers borne from leaf axils, some of which bear sharp spines, per Atlantic Coastal Plain Wildflowers (Nelson, 2006).
Tropical Soda-apple,
Solanum viarum
Leaf veins and stem covered with 0.5-1" long spines, per Invasive Plants, Guide to Identification, Impacts and Control (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2007).
Bull Thistle,
Cirsium vulgare
Involucres 1.0"-1.5" tall, bracts all have distinct yellowish spines, per Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians (Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, & Duhl, 2005).
Virginia Thistle,
Cirsium virginianum
Each head is about 2.5cm across, the bracts tight and with short spines, per Wildflowers of the Sandhills Region (Sorrie, 2011).
Carolina Thistle,
Cirsium carolinianum
Involucres 0.6-0.8" high, bracts appressed, only outer with short spines, per Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians (Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, & Duhl, 2005).
Swamp Thistle,
Cirsium muticum
Involucres 0.8-1.4" with sticky hairy bracts that usually don't have spines, per Wildflowers of Tennessee (Carman, 2005).
Blessed Milk-thistle,
Silybum marianum
Leaf blades pinnately lobed and spinescent on and near the margins, per Manual of the Southeastern Flora (JK Small, 1933).
Lesser Burdock,
Arctium minus
Involucres globose, their bracts terminating in long sharply hooked spines, per Wildflowers of the Southern Mountains (Smith, 1998).
Smooth Coneflower,
Echinacea laevigata
The seed platform is conical and has sharp black spines, per All About South Carolina Wildflowers (Midgley, 1999).